NAOMI CAMPBELL
Early life
Campbell was born in Streatham, South London, the daughter of Jamaican-born dancer Valerie Morris.[6] In accordance with her mother's wishes, Campbell has never met her father,[7] who abandoned her mother when she was four months pregnant,[6] and who went unnamed on her birth certificate.[7] She took on the surname Campbell from her mother's second marriage.[6] Her half-brother, Pierre, was born in 1986.[8] Campbell is of Afro-Jamaican descent, as well as of Chinese Jamaican ancestry through her paternal grandmother, who carried the family name Ming.[6]
During her early years, Campbell lived in Rome, where her mother worked as a modern dancer.[4] Following their return to London, she was left in the care of her maternal grandmother, Ruby, while her mother travelled across Europe with the dance troupe Fantastica.[8] At five years old, Campbell was enrolled at the Barbara Speake Stage School,[8] and at the age of ten, she was accepted into the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, where she studied ballet.[6]
[edit]Career
[edit]1970-1980
Campbell's first public appearance came at the age of seven, in 1978, when she was featured in the music video for Bob Marley's "Is This Love".[9] That same year, she played Snow White in two episodes of the Children's Film Foundation television series The Chiffy Kids.[10] At the age of twelve, she tap-danced in the music video for Culture Club's "I'll Tumble 4 Ya".[4]
In 1986, Campbell was scouted by Beth Boldt, head of the Synchro model agency, while window-shopping in Covent Garden.[11] Her career quickly took off—in April, just before her sixteenth birthday, she appeared on the cover of British Elle.[4] Over the next few years, Campbell's success grew steadily: she walked the runway for such designers as Gianni Versace, Azzedine Alaïa, and Isaac Mizrahi, and posed for such photographers as Peter Lindbergh, Herb Ritts, and Bruce Weber.[4] By the late 1980s, Campbell was part of a trio of models—the others being Christy Turlington and Linda Evangelista—known as the "Trinity",[4] who became the most recognisable and in-demand models of their generation.[2]
When faced with discrimination, Campbell received support from her friends; she later quoted Turlington and Evangelista as telling Dolce & Gabbana, "If you don't use Naomi, you don't get us."[11] In December 1987, she appeared on the cover of British Vogue, as that publication's first black cover girl since 1966.[12] In August 1988, she became the first black model to appear on the cover of French Vogue,[4] after her friend and mentor, designer Yves St. Laurent, threatened to withdraw his advertising from the magazine if it continued to refuse to place black models on its cover.[13] The following year, she appeared on the cover of American Vogue, which marked the first time a black model graced the front of the September issue, traditionally the year's biggest and most important issue.[4]
[edit]1990-2000
In January 1990, Campbell, who was declared "the reigning megamodel of them all" by Interview,[14] appeared with Christy Turlington, Linda Evangelista, Cindy Crawford, and Tatjana Patitz on an iconic cover of BritishVogue, shot by Peter Lindbergh.[15] The group was subsequently cast to star in the music video for George Michael's "Freedom! '90".[2] By then, Campbell—along with Turlington, Evangelista, Crawford, and Claudia Schiffer—formed an elite group of models declared "supermodels" by the fashion industry.[3] With the addition of newcomer Kate Moss, they were collectively known as the "Big Six".[3]
In March 1991, in a defining moment of the so-called supermodel era, Campbell walked the runway for Versace with Turlington, Evangelista, and Crawford, arm-in-arm and lip-synching the words to "Freedom! '90".[2] Later that year, she starred as Michael Jackson's love interest in the music video for "In the Closet".[9] In April 1992, she posed with several other top models for the hundredth-anniversary cover of American Vogue, shot byPatrick Demarchelier.[16] That same year, she appeared in Madonna's controversial book Sex, in a set of nude photos with Madonna and rapper Big Daddy Kane.[17]
In 1993, Campbell twice appeared on the cover of American Vogue; in April, alongside Christy Turlington, Claudia Schiffer, Stephanie Seymour, and Helena Christensen, and again, solo, in June. She famously fell on the runway in Vivienne Westwood's foot-high platform shoes, which were later displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.[11] Despite her success, however, Elite Model Management, which had represented Campbell since 1987, fired her in September, on the grounds that "no amount of money or prestige could further justify the abuse" to staff and clients.[18] Elite founder John Casablancas described her as "manipulative, scheming, rude, and impossible."[18]
In the mid-1990s, Campbell branched out into other areas of the entertainment industry.[18] Her novel Swan, about a supermodel dealing with blackmail, was released in 1994 to poor reviews.[19] It was ghostwritten by Caroline Upcher, with Campbell explaining that she "just did not have the time to sit down and write a book."[20] That same year, Campbell released her album babywoman, named after designer Rifat Ozbek's nickname for her.[4] A critical and commercial failure,[21] the album produced the single "Love and Tears", which reached No. 40 on the UK charts.[22] In 1995, Campbell and fellow models Claudia Schiffer and Elle Macpherson invested in an ill-fated chain of restaurants called the Fashion Cafe.[3] Campbell also attempted an acting career: she had small roles in Miami Rhapsody and Spike Lee's Girl 6, as well as a recurring role on the second season ofNew York Undercover.[10]
In 1998, Time declared the end of the supermodel era.[3] By then, Campbell had mostly retired from the runway,[3] but she continued print modelling. In 1999, she signed her first cosmetics contract with Cosmopolitan Cosmetics, a division of Wella, through which she launched several signature fragrances.[4] In November of that year, she posed with twelve other top models for the "Modern Muses" cover of the Millennium Issue of American Vogue, shot by Annie Leibovitz.[4] The following month, she appeared in a white string bikini and furs on the cover ofPlayboy.[4] In October 2001, she appeared with rapper Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs on the cover of British Vogue, with the headline "Naomi and Puff: The Ultimate Power Duo".[4]
After more than two decades as a model, Campbell was still in demand.[23] In 2007, she walked the runway for Dior's sixtieth-anniversary fashion show at Versailles.[4] In July 2008, she appeared with fellow black models Liya Kebede, Sessilee Lopez, and Jourdan Dunn on the gatefold cover of a landmark all-black issue of Italian Vogue, shot by Steven Meisel. In September of that year, Campbell reunited with Christy Turlington, Linda Evangelista, Cindy Crawford, Claudia Schiffer, and Stephanie Seymour for "A League of Their Own", a Vanity Fairfeature on the supermodel legacy.[4]
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